Change in anti‐COVID‐19 behaviour and anti‐immigrant prejudice during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Longitudinal evidence from five European countries

During a pandemic, it is vital to identify factors that motivate individuals to behave in ways that limit virus transmission (i.e., anti‐COVID‐19 behaviour). Fear has been suggested to motivate health‐oriented behaviour, yet fear of the virus (i.e., fear of COVID‐19) could have unintended consequences, such as an increase in anti‐immigrant prejudice. In a three‐wave longitudinal study (NT1 = 4275) in five European countries from April to October 2020, we investigated how social norms, the impact of the pandemic on individuals, and intergroup contact affected fear of COVID‐19 and—or in turn—anti‐COVID‐19 behaviour and prejudice towards immigrants. A latent change score model—distinguishing between intra‐ and inter‐individual changes in outcomes—indicated that fear of COVID‐19 influenced neither anti‐COVID‐19 behaviour nor prejudice. Anti‐COVID‐19 behaviour was increased by anti‐COVID‐19 norms (i.e., belief that others perform anti‐COVID‐19 behaviours), while prejudice was influenced by positive and negative direct and mass‐mediated intergroup contact.

Meeting the challenge of gender inequality through gender transformative research: lessons from research in Africa, Asia, and Latin America

While the global development agenda has prioritized gender equality, many challenges remain, and the COVID-19 crisis has exacerbated inequalities. Gender transformative approaches to social change have the potential to address the underlying causes of inequality. This paper draws insights from studies funded by Canada's International Development Research Centre to understand how integrating gender transformative approaches to research can support social change. The findings suggest that gender transformative research is most successful in supporting change when it analyzes and addresses the multiple causes of inequality, takes an intersectional and structural approach, embeds the research in local contexts, and engages power holders and perpetrators of inequality.Alternate :RÉSUMÉSi les objectifs de développement mondial ont donné la priorité à l'égalité des genres, il y a encore de nombreux défis à relever dans ce domaine et la crise de la COVID-19 a exacerbé les inégalités. Les approches transformatrices du genre nous permettent de faire face aux causes sous-jacentes de ces inégalités. Cet article base son analyse sur des études financées par le Centre de recherches pour le développement international, au Canada, et vise à mieux comprendre comment l'adoption d'approches transformatrices du genre dans le contexte de la recherche peut appuyer le changement social. Nos résultats suggèrent que la recherche se basant sur une approche transformatrice du genre a de meilleurs chances d'inciter des changements sociaux lorsqu'elle analyse et répond aux différentes causes des inégalités, lorsqu'elle adopte une approche intersectionnelle et structurelle, lorsqu'elle intègre la recherche dans des contextes locaux et lorsqu'elle confronte les détenteurs du pouvoir et les responsables des inégalités.

Public Attitudes to Immigration in the Aftermath of COVID-19: Little Change in Policy Preferences, Big Drops in Issue Salience: IMR

How has the COVID-19 pandemic affected public attitudes toward immigration? Long-term evidence in Europe and the United States suggests attitudes to immigration are relatively stable and, in some cases, becoming more favorable with high volatility instead of the perceived importance of the issue. However, theoretically a global pandemic could exacerbate people's fears of outsiders or that migration may contribute to the disease. By contrast, attitudes could remain stable if their distal drivers prove to be robust enough to withstand the shock of COVID-19. We draw from Eurobarometer data from 2014 to 2021 across 28 European countries, weekly national survey data during the outbreak from the United States and individual panel data from the United Kingdom and Germany to find little systematic change in immigration preferences and no country-level correlation between the observed changes and the outbreak's severity. Instead, the perceived importance of immigration has consistently and significantly decreased. These findings suggest that, if COVID-19 is to have an impact on attitudes to migration, it is likely to emerge via longer-term means, such as early-life socialization and value change, rather than reactions to the immediate pandemic shock.

Technology-driven proctoring: Validity, social justice and ethics in higher education

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to rapid change, unprecedented in higher education. One such change has been the almost complete shift to online assessment. The simultaneous employment of online assessment and proctoring has not enjoyed the rigorous academic debate and research traditionally associated with such shifts in academia. This engagement is essential and this article aims to discuss aspects of social justice, ethics and the validity of digital proctoring to the burgeoning debate. Digital proctoring is a lucrative industry (Coghlan Miller & Paterson, 2021), notwithstanding the admitted opportunities for cheating, irrespective of the intensity of overwatch. Digital proctoring is marketed and has become entangled with issues of institutional reputation and the legitimacy of qualifications. The student seems to be a secondary consideration compared to the technocratic digital proctoring arena. However, the introduction of online assessment, specifically with digital proctoring, impacts the assessment's validity by introducing intervening variables into the process. The drive to detect and prevent online cheating has led to algorithmic proliferation. This technologically driven approach has embedded social injustice and questionable ethics and validity into the assessment systems. This article examines the social justice, ethical and validity issues around technological proctoring under the grouped themes: Emotional factors;Racial and/or skin colour;Digital literacy and Technology;and Disability. However, the COVID-19 pandemicdriven shifts have provided the unprecedented opportunity to elevate assessment from recall to critical thinking and applicationbased assessment. An opportunity to ensure that our assessment is valid, assesses higher-order learning, and truly evaluates the concepts we wish to assess.

Does the pandemic hamper or boost the necessity for an international language? A survey on English use frequency among Japanese workers

This study aims to reveal the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the necessity of using English as an international language. For this purpose, this study conducted a web survey of Japanese workers, and statistically examined the extent to which the use of English increased or decreased after the outbreak. The findings are as follows. First, although some types of use decreased or increased, the majority did not show substantial changes. Second, the changes in English use were largely influenced by worker factors, such as types of occupation and employment (e.g. it declined typically among sales workers but not among the self-employed and freelancers), the degree of remote working (e.g. not being allowed to work remotely reduced it), and industry (e.g. it declined among workers in accommodation and real estate sectors but increased among public servants). These findings suggest the following implications: (1) non-decline in English use would suggest its resilience as an international language, the necessity of which could endure even in such a global upheaval;and (2) the frequency of using English (and other modes of international communication) is relatively independent of reduced human mobility, but it is largely affected by the economic climate.

Research project EUBeKo: Systematic planning and implementation of decision-making and implementation processes of socioecological-based physical activity promotion in the community to reduce social inequity

Background: Physical activity can be understood in terms of socioecological determinants, which are prerequisites to successfully promote physical activity. Communities play an important role in this context, as they can create health-protective conditions. However, the design, implementation, and evaluation of socioecological approaches often do not follow a systematic and theory-driven approach. Changes in environmental conditions are determined by the behavior and decisions of so-called change agents or local decision-makers, such as mayors. Therefore, it is important to identify the determinants that influence decision-making processes to be able to change the decisional behavior of change agents to promote physical activity in their communities. In addition, there is a need for multipliers (e.g., employees in health offices) to be qualified to systematically implement socioecological-based interventions in communities. Objectives and project process: The research project "Systematic planning and implementation of decision-making and implementation processes of socioecological-based physical activity promotion in the community to reduce social inequity” (with the German acronym EUBeKo) was funded within the framework of the funding scheme "Physical Activity and Physical Activity Promotion” of the German Federal Ministry of Health. It takes both the local change agents and multipliers into account and is inspired by intervention mapping. This article describes the project EUBeKo with its two research questions on the role and competences of multipliers, and on the factors influencing local decision-making processes as well as the planning and implementation of socioecological-based physical activity promotion in two model communities, and the dissemination strategies (e.g., project website). Discussion and conclusions: The strengths of the project include the systematic and theory-based preparation and implementation of a process of socioecological-based physical activity promotion in the community with a special focus on planning and decision-making processes as well as on the target groups of local multipliers and decision-makers. Challenges are found in the theory–practice transfer and the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on project implementation. © 2023, The Author(s).

Simulation, Science, and Stakeholders: Challenges and Opportunities for Modelling Solutions to Societal Problems

The article outlines an approach to computer modelling called "human simulation,"whose development has been explicitly oriented towards addressing societal problems through transdisciplinary efforts involving stakeholders, change agents, policy professionals, subject matter experts, and computer scientists. It describes the steps involved in the creation and exploration of the "insight space"of policy-oriented artificial societies, which include both analysing societal problems and designing societal solutions. A case study is provided, based on an (ongoing) research project studying "emotional contagion"related to misinformation, stigma, and anxiety in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, along with lessons learned about some of the challenges and opportunities facing scientists and stakeholders trying to simulate solutions to complex societal problems. © 2023 F. LeRon Shults.

Gold, crude oil, bitcoin and Indian stock market: recent confirmation from nonlinear ARDL analysis

PurposeThis paper investigates the causality among gold prices, crude oil prices, bitcoin and stock prices by using daily data from January 2014 to December 2021. The study also examines the data during the COVID-19 outbreak from January 2020 to December 2021.Design/methodology/approachTo estimate the long- and short-run causality, this study considers the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) cointegration test.FindingsThe analysis found the existence of an asymmetric long-run cointegration among selected assets. Findings indicate that positive changes in bitcoin do not affect stock market in the long term. Changes in crude oil prices have a significant impact on stock prices. Moreover, it is observed that variations in the stock prices trigger a negative impact on gold prices. During the COVID-19 period, the study notices the presence of an asymmetric long-term cointegration between selected assets except bitcoin. Besides, findings revealed that negative price adjustments in gold lead to significant positive shocks in stock market.Originality/valueThese results provide critical information for policy performers and researchers to develop new strategies. Policy regulators can also consider the potential effects of the COVID-19 outbreak while developing strategies for investment decisions.

The unforgiving work environment of black African women domestic workers in a post-apartheid South Africa

In democratic South Africa, many Black African women are still subjugated by being employed as domestic workers. Increasing evidence emerged amid the COVID-19 pandemic revealing unmistakable signs of modern-day slavery among South African Black domestic workers. This paper proposes a clinical model which examines how gender, class, and race intersections affect the ways in which specifically identified change agents offer new, transforming interventions via clinical intervention. Adopting a clinical approach augments identification of a specific social problem from a scientifically systematic applied approach built on applied theory. We report on the conditions facing vulnerable Black African women using a bricolage research approach. The resulting model explicitly identifies systemic inequalities and indicates how to reduce exploitation and protect workers. The bricolage approach aided the secondary qualitative analysis of complex bonded-labour intersections. The problem of Black African women living as bonded domestic labour is augmented by the girl children's primary socialisation, Western patriarchal re-socialisation which sustains apartheid, and race, class, occupational, and gender inequalities.

Changes in Home-Centered Religious Practices and Relational Wellbeing following the Initial Onset of the COVID-19 Pandemic

We explored associations between changes in the frequency of home-centered religious practices and family relational conflict, emotional closeness, and the perceived long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on relationships. The panel survey of 1,510 adult individuals in the United States, was administered during the summer of 2020. Given our interest in understanding changes in religious practices following the COVID-19 related closures of religious institutions, the panel included an intentional oversampling of religious individuals from diverse religious affiliations. We employed a mixed methods approach (integrated quantitative and qualitative measures). Controlling for a large group of demographic variables (e.g., age, gender, race/ethnicity) and other factors (e.g., religiosity, stage of COVID-19 closures), OLS and logistic regressions found some significant associations between retrospectively reported changes in the frequency of religious practices and emotional closeness and perceived lasting impact of the pandemic on family well-being. Qualitative data from a subsample of survey participants (n = 624) suggested that family prayer, scripture study, shared sacred rituals, and home-based worship helped foster positive family interactions.

Making Sense of Childcare Instability Among Families with Low Incomes: (Un)desired and (Un)planned Reasons for Changing Childcare Arrangements

Childcare instability can negatively affect family well-being. Yet not all childcare changes are bad for families. This qualitative study (N = 85) examines work, family, provider, and subsidy-related factors contributing to childcare changes among families with low incomes. We focus on the desirability—the extent to which parents wanted to leave their provider—and the planned nature of childcare changes—the extent to which parents anticipated the change and had time to plan. We find that although nearly all desired changes were planned, undesired changes were both planned and unplanned. Planning was important but not enough for finding care that aligned with family needs, and undesired changes, especially sudden changes, were often driven by the loss of a childcare subsidy, sometimes accompanied by a job loss. We discuss how these findings can help researchers and policymakers understand the implications of complex childcare trajectories for family well-being and early care and education policy.

The Social and Political Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic: An Introduction

The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the importance of responsive institutions: governments and communities coordinating policy changes;media, social networks, and officials swiftly and accurately conveying information;and an engaged public. This special issue explores social and political factors that both shaped initial response to the pandemic, and were altered by it. Institutional inequalities and variations in government response created significant differences in health outcomes even as the contagious nature of the pandemic linked spaces and people. Thus COVID-19 created new crises, exacerbated inequalities, and led to broad social changes. Social scientists will spend decades unraveling the consequences of COVID-19. This issue challenges scholars to apply existing theories and frameworks, but also to see the pandemic as an event that stimulates us to reevaluate settled paradigms.

EL ACCESO UNIVERSAL A LA ENERGÍA

En 2015, las Naciones Unidas aprobaron el Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS) número 7 para garantizar el acceso universal a servicios energéticos asequibles, fiables y modernos para el año 2030. Sin embargo, los avances son lentos, y las previsiones indican que en muchos países no se alcanzará este objetivo, a menos que se realicen cambios sustanciales en el sector eléctrico, como el desarrollo de un Marco Integrado de Distribución, la planificación geoespacial integrada, la definición de modelos de negocio, marcos regulatorios y planes financieros viables y sostenibles, y el cambio de visión sobre el cocinado moderno, con la promoción del cocinado con electricidad.Alternate :In 201 5, the United Nations approved the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 7 to ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services by 2030. However, progress is slow, and forecasts indicate that in many countries this objective will not be achieved unless substantial changes are made in the electricity sector, such as the development of an Integrated Distribution Framework, the integrated geospatial planning, the definition of viable and sustainable business models, regulatory frameworks and financial plans, and the change of vision on modern cooking, with the promotion of cooking with electricity.

A creeping crisis when an urgent crisis arises: The reprioritization of plastic pollution issues during COVID‐19

Single‐use plastics (SUPs) are increasingly polluting terrestrial, coastal, and marine habits, contributing to the creeping “plastic crisis.” The COVID‐19 pandemic provided a window of opportunity for decision makers to change the degree of urgency and responsiveness to this crisis and for policy entrepreneurs and industry who are against reducing plastic consumption to influence decision makers to change their position on various plastic‐related issues. Hygiene/health concerns have been used as a justification by governments and industry to increase the use of SUPs resulting in a reversal in, or a reprioritization of, policy decisions. Through the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF), I examine how creeping crises become secondary to urgent crises through agenda setting that is influenced and leveraged by policy entrepreneurs. I explore examples of such plastic policy decisions finding that they have been politically driven and influenced by entrepreneurs and industry rather than being primarily based on health concerns.Related ArticlesDiaz‐Kope, Luisa, and John C. Morris. 2022. “Why Collaborate? Exploring the Role of Organizational Motivations in Cross‐sector Watershed Collaboration.” Politics & Policy 50(3): 516â€"39. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12470.Gerlach, John David, Laron K. Williams, and Colleen E. Forcina. 2013. “The Science‐Natural Resource Policy Relationship: How Aspects of Diffusion Theory Explain Data Selection for Making Biodiversity Management Decisions.” Politics & Policy 41(3): 326â€"54. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12017.Neill, Katharine A., and John C. Morris. 2012. “A Tangled Web of Principals and Agents: Examining the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill through a Principalâ€"Agent Lens.” Politics & Policy 40(4): 629â€"56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00371.x.Alternate :Una crisis progresiva cuando surge una crisis urgente: La repriorización de los problemas de contaminación plástica durante el COVID‐19Los plásticos de un solo uso (SUP) están contaminando cada vez más los hábitos terrestres, costeros y marinos, lo que contribuye a la progresiva "crisis del plástico". La pandemia de COVID‐19 brindó una ventana de oportunidad para que los tomadores de decisiones cambien el grado de urgencia y capacidad de respuesta a esta crisis y para los empresarios de políticas y la industria que están en contra de reducir el consumo de plástico para influir en los tomadores de decisiones para cambiar su posición sobre varios temas relacionados con el plástico. Los gobiernos y la industria han utilizado las preocupaciones de higiene/salud como justificación para aumentar el uso de SUP, lo que ha dado lugar a una reversión o una nueva priorización de las decisiones políticas. A través del Marco de Corrientes Múltiples (MSF, por sus siglas en inglés), examinamos cómo las crisis progresivas se vuelven secundarias frente a las crisis urgentes a través del establecimiento de una agenda que es influenciada y aprovechada por los empresarios de políticas. Exploramos ejemplos de tales decisiones sobre políticas de plástico y descubrimos que han sido impulsadas políticamente e influenciadas por empresarios y la industria en lugar de basarse principalmente en preocupaciones de salud.Alternate :紧急危机发生时的慢性危机:2019å† çŠ¶ç—…æ¯'病期间塑料污æŸ"问题的优先次序调整一次性塑料(SUP)越来越多地污æŸ"陆地、沿海å'Œæµ·æ´‹çŽ¯å¢ƒï¼Œä¸ºæ…¢æ€§â€œå¡‘料危机”作贡献。2019å† çŠ¶ç—…æ¯'ç—…(COVID‐19)大流行为决策者提供了一个机会之窗，以改变对这场危机的紧迫程度å'Œå"åº”程度，并为反对减少塑料消费的政策企业家å'Œè¡Œä¸šæä¾›æœºä¼šï¼Œä»¥å½±å"å†³ç­–者改变其在不同塑料相关问题上的立场。卫生/健康问题已被政府å'Œè¡Œä¸šç”¨ä½œå¢žåŠ SUP使用的理由，从而导致政策决策发生逆转或优先次序调整。通过使用多源流框架(MSF)，我们分析了慢性危机如何在一个受政策企业家影å"å'Œåˆ©ç”¨çš„议程设置下次于 ´§æ€¥å±æœºã€‚我们探究了这类塑料政策决策的例子，发现决策的制定并非主要基于健康问题，而是受到企业家å'Œè¡Œä¸šçš„政治驱动å'Œå½±å"ã€‚

Community Coalition Action Theory: Introducing an Interventional Application to Confronting Covid-19

It's less possible to promote health behaviors without theory-based studies and it's better to use health education and promotion theories for more effective health education and promotion interventions. Theories are able to change the behavior of individuals at the personal, interpersonal, organizational, social, and policymaking levels. Organizations play an important role in the daily life of people, and any changes in these organizations can affect people's health. The Community Coalition Action Theory (CCAT) is a form of theories for the change across organizations. A community coalition is a structured arrangement where all members can work together on a common goal and objective. The current article focuses on applications of the CCAT to provide a framework for the development of activities and interventions related to confronting Covid-19. Forming a coalition is very significant and can increase the effectiveness of interventional programs. CCAT is one of the best practices that can be achieved through joint activities of multiple organizations that lead to improved health behaviors

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals through the Power of Play

As we work to educate our children in effective ways, supporting their efforts to make a positive difference reaps benefits for both students and society.

Inclusive Education in Times of Crisis

Children are powerful agents of change when given the chance to succeed. However, due to protracted crises and natural disasters, an estimated 33 million children have been forcibly displaced worldwide and denied their childhoods and an opportunity to reach their full potential. Psychosocial support is key to bridging the learning gap that displaced and out-of-school children face. Introducing this support through social emotional learning (SEL) allows children to build the resilience they need to thrive. The lack of psychosocial support and the impact of forced displacement on the mental health of children is an ongoing problem that has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. Working to address the effects of toxic stress and adverse experiences in childhood, can mitigate the vicious cycle of trauma and violence and reduce the rippling effect on future generations.

Teacher Education in Novel Times: Designing Comic Strips to Explore Elementary Learners' Experiences during COVID-19

This case study was conducted in Fall 2020 with two Elementary Education pre-service teaching candidates. The goal of the study was to better understand how students in this course developed new insights about teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic through their successful design of comic strip narrative artwork. The students created comic strips depicting the experiences of diverse elementary students during the pandemic, which were displayed in a campus art gallery. Data sources included two focus group interviews, written reflections, participants' final comics from the gallery, and other artifacts. Analysis was framed using Eisner's (1985/2005) concept of 'aesthetic knowing.' Findings regarding the insights the participants developed through this assignment were presented in the following themes: pedagogical perspectives, dialoguing, and audience. Conclusions and implications include a call for greater uptake of and research about arts-based teacher education assignments to better prepare candidates to enter the field as agents of change.

Market update: Sixty years of change in Papua New Guineaʼs fresh food marketplaces

Open‐air marketplaces are vital to food security, livelihoods, and the national economy in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Over the past 60 years, rapid growth of urban populations, changes in global commodity prices, and the decline in value of the PNG currency have stimulated demand for domestic fresh food. Selling fresh food in marketplaces has also become an attractive way to earn money for rural producers, whose returns on labour on their export crops have declined, and for urban residents struggling to make a living. This in turn has led to significant changes in PNGʼs marketplaces: spatial and temporal changes, changes in what is bought and sold, changes in who is selling, and changes in how food is transacted. In this paper, we bring together research on PNGʼs marketplaces from between 1961 and 2022 to document these changes and their causes, alongside important continuities, and to examine the implications and substantial gaps in our knowledge.

Realidad económica del sector empresarial durante el COVID-19 en el Ecuador, periodo 2020

The economic reality of the business sector has been negatively influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, affecting liquidity, stability, and productivity due to the decrease in domestic demand for goods and services. Therefore, the present research paper aims to analyze the economic reality of the business sector during COVID-19 in Ecuador, period 2020, through bibliographic-documentary research with a quantitative approach, taking as a period for the study the year 2020, with the support of the analytical-synthetic scientific method. As a result, the economy of Ecuadorian companies contracted due to the containment measures implemented by the government to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus, causing a decrease in Gross Domestic Product, sales, and jobs, and the rise of online shopping through official digital channels. It is concluded that the economic reality of the business sector in Ecuador has been vulnerable to external economic factors, causing several companies to change or close their activities to stay in the physical and especially digital market, adapting to changes in the environment.Alternate :La realidad económica del sector empresarial se ha visto influenciada negativamente por causa de la pandemia del COVID-19, afectando la liquidez, estabilidad y productividad por la disminución de la demanda nacional de bienes y servicios. Por tanto, el presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo analizar la realidad económica del sector empresarial durante el COVID-19 en el Ecuador, periodo 2020, mediante una investigación bibliográfica-documental con enfoque cuantitativo, tomando como periodo de tiempo para el estudio el año 2020, con el apoyo del método científico analítico-sintético. Como resultado, la economía de las empresas ecuatorianas se contrajo debido a las medidas de confinamiento implementadas por el gobierno para evitar la propagación del virus COVID-19, originando el decrecimiento del Producto Interno Bruto, de las ventas y las plazas de trabajo, y el aumento de las compras online a través de los canales digitales oficiales. Se concluye que la realidad económica del sector empresarial del Ecuador se ha visto vulnerable a factores económicos externos, ocasionando que varias empresas cambien o cierren sus actividades para mantenerse en el mercado físico y sobre todo digital, adaptándose a los cambios del entorno.Alternate :A realidade econômica do setor empresarial tem sido influenciada negativamente pela pandemia COVID-19, afetando liquidez, estabilidade e produtividade devido à diminuição da demanda nacional por bens e serviços. Portanto, o presente trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a realidade econômica do setor empresarial durante a COVID-19 no Equador, período 2020, através de uma pesquisa bibliográfica-documentária com abordagem quantitativa, tomando o ano 2020 como o período de tempo para o estudo, com o apoio do método analítico-sintético-científico. Como resultado, a economia das empresas equatorianas contraiu devido às medidas de confinamento implementadas pelo governo para evitar a propagação do vírus COVID-19, levando a uma diminuição do Produto Interno Bruto, vendas e empregos, e a um aumento das compras on-line através dos canais digitais oficiais. Conclui-se que a realidade econômica do setor empresarial do Equador tem sido vulnerável a fatores econômicos externos, fazendo com que várias empresas mudem ou fechem suas atividades a fim de permanecer no mercado físico e, sobretudo, digital, adaptando-se ao ambiente em mudança.